Klippel-Feil syndrome is a genetically determined anomaly of the structure of the cervical spine, including a decrease in the number and fusion of vertebrae. It is clinically manifested by a visually detectable shortening of the neck, a low location of the hair growth border on the back of the head, and a restriction of head…
Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare pathology of the central nervous system, occurring with transient periods of sleep and wakefulness disorders. Hypersomnia is characteristic during the attack — the patient sleeps 18 hours a day. Short intervals between sleep are accompanied by a strong feeling of hunger, changes in behavior and psyche. The diagnosis is established…
Carotid sinus syndrome is a decrease in cerebral perfusion that occurs when the sensitivity of the carotid sinus baroreceptors to mechanical stimulation increases. In elderly patients, reflex cardiac arrhythmia and /or vasodilation can lead to a sharp loss of consciousness without previous prodromal symptoms or manifest only dizziness. The diagnosis is confirmed when performing a…
Foreign accent syndrome is a rare phonological disorder in which, as a result of central nervous system damage, the patient’s speech resembles a foreign dialect. Sounds acquire the phonetic coloring of another language, accents and prosodic components change. In general, speech remains semantically and grammatically correct. Diagnostics involves the use of neuroimaging methods, neuropsychological testing,…
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a compression—ischemic lesion of the median nerve in the carpal (carpal) canal. It is manifested by pain, decreased sensitivity and paresthesia in the area of the palmar surface of the I–IV fingers, some weakness and awkwardness when moving the brush, especially when a gripping movement of the thumb is necessary. The…
Locked-in syndrome is a severe neurological disease in which the patient loses the ability to move, talk, express emotions, but he retains consciousness, cognitive functions and sensory perception. The condition occurs as a complication of stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumor or degenerative lesion of the ventral bridge area. For diagnostic purposes, neurological status assessment, neuroimaging…
Delayed sleep phase syndrome is a disorder of the circadian rhythm of sleep-wakefulness, in which the main problem is the delay in the time of the basic sleep episode in relation to the light-dark cycle. Clinically, there are problems falling asleep, the inability to wake up in the morning, the need to sleep in the…
Piriformis syndrome is a symptom complex that occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed in the sub-piriformis orifice. Clinically characterized by pain of the gluteal-sacral localization and along the affected nerve, sensitivity disorder, peripheral paresis of the foot. In the diagnosis, the main role belongs to specific clinical symptoms, a novocaine test, X-ray, ultrasound, and…
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy of autoimmune etiology. A characteristic sign of the disease is peripheral paralysis and protein—cell dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (in most cases). The diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome is established in the presence of increasing weakness and areflexia in more than 1 limb. At the same time,…
Gerstmann syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a notebook of clinical manifestations, including counting disorder, agraphy, apraxia, spatial orientation disorder (“right”, “left”). These symptoms are detected by special neuropsychological testing. The final diagnosis is made based on the results of CT, MRI, and brain angiography. Pharmacotherapy is carried out with nootropic, neuroprotective, vascular…