Ventilator complications are the negative consequences of artificial lung ventilation that occur immediately after its onset or are the result of prolonged respiratory support. The symptoms are determined by the type of disorders. Signs of respiratory failure, emphysema, inflammatory phenomena, changes in the work of internal organs may be detected. Pathology is diagnosed on the…
Dehydration is a pathological condition that occurs when water losses exceed its intake. It is characterized by thirst, decreased diuresis, dry skin. In severe cases, symptoms such as hypotension, impaired consciousness, diffuse cyanosis are noted. Dehydration is diagnosed according to the results of a laboratory examination, which allows you to detect an increase in hematocrit indicators,…
Metabolic acidosis is a disorder of acid–base balance, which is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonates against the background of normal or elevated acid content in plasma. The main signs are a decrease in the pH of arterial blood to the level of 7.35 and below, a deficiency of alkaline bases of…
Metabolic alkalosis is a change in the acid–base balance of the internal environment associated with the accumulation of hydroxyl anions OH- and “alkalinization” of blood. It manifests itself in the form of severe respiratory and vasomotor disorders. When the pH (hydrogen index) is shifted by more than 0.2-0.3, a comatose state occurs, by 0.4 –…
Collapse is an acutely developing vascular insufficiency, accompanied by a decrease in the tone of the bloodstream and a relative decrease in CBV. It is manifested by a sharp deterioration of the condition, dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension. In severe cases, loss of consciousness is possible. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical data and the…
Clinical death is a reversible stage of dying that occurs at the moment of cessation of cardiac and respiratory activity. It is characterized by the absence of consciousness, pulse on the central arteries and chest excursions, dilation of the pupils. It is diagnosed according to the data obtained during the examination, palpation of the carotid…
Cardiogenic shock is an extreme manifestation of acute heart failure, characterized by a critical decrease in myocardial contractility and tissue perfusion. Symptoms of shock: falling blood pressure, tachycardia, shortness of breath, signs of centralization of blood circulation (pallor, decrease in skin temperature, the appearance of stagnant spots), impaired consciousness. The diagnosis is made on the…
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a pathological condition characterized by perfusion of fluid from the pulmonary vessels into the interstitial space and alveoli. It is a consequence of acute heart failure. At the initial stage of the disease, the patient is diagnosed with acrocyanosis, tachycardia, shortness of breath. As the pathology develops, white or pinkish foam…
Hemolytic transfusion reaction is one of the most dangerous complications of transfusion of blood components, expressed in the destruction of red blood cells with the release of toxic substances into the vascular bed of the patient. It is characterized by psychoemotional excitement, painful sensations in the lumbar region, tachycardia, a drop in blood pressure, jaundice.…
Hemorrhagic shock is a complex of hemodynamic and metabolic disorders that occur due to acute blood loss. The cause of the emergency condition is injuries, internal bleeding with damage to the integrity of organs and vascular walls. Pathology is manifested by pallor of the skin and cold sweat, cardiac disorders, progressive depression of consciousness up…