Hemoglobinuria is a series of syndromes based on intravascular damage to erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin outside the vascular bed and into the urine. The main symptom is the dark color of urine due to the oxyhemoglobin present in it. Arthralgia, fever, vomiting, pallor of the skin, jaundice are possible. The diagnosis requires confirmation…
Hematuria is a laboratory symptom characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine. The causes may be inflammatory kidney diseases, urolithiasis, malignant neoplasms. Depending on the degree of hematuria, the color of urine can change to red, brown, “the color of meat slops”, but in the vast majority of cases remains unchanged.…
Bilirubinuria is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of bilirubin in the urine. The causes are diseases of the liver and biliary tract . A high concentration of bilirubin turns urine dark brown. The bilirubinuria test together with the urobilinogenuria test (detection of bilirubin derivatives in urine) is used for differential diagnosis of jaundice…
Bacteriuria is a laboratory symptom characterized by the presence of bacteria in the urine. Most often, this indicates an infection of the urinary tract (kidneys, bladder), but may be a harmless laboratory finding. Clinical manifestations can be diverse – from an absolutely asymptomatic course to pronounced signs (fever, lower back pain, urination disorders). The presence…
Basophilia (basophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the basophil content of more than 150 in 1 ml of blood or more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. It is very often accompanied by eosinophilia, since basophils and eosinophils are jointly involved in many pathological reactions. The causes of basophilia are allergic, inflammatory, oncohematological…
Amylorrhea is the appearance of a large number of starch grains in the feces, which indicates a violation of the digestion of carbohydrates. The symptom occurs with enzyme deficiency – chronic pancreatitis, enteritis, pancreatic tumors. Amylorrhea is observed with increased peristalsis, which happens with IBS, intestinal infections, hyperacid gastritis. The diagnostic plan involves carrying out…
Visual hallucinations are visual perception disorders characterized by the formation of visions in the absence of a real object. Elementary visual images are represented by sparks, flashes, spots. Simple hallucinations are static objects that do not change shape, unambiguously interpreted by the patient. Complex hallucinatory visions are plot pictures, one or more characters that can…
Inhibition is a pathological condition characterized by a slowdown in intellectual processes, emotions, and movements. It is manifested by a decrease in the pace of speech, weakness of emotional reactions, slowness. Patients are sedentary, inactive, hardly able to maintain a conversation, answer questions after a pause. The diagnosis of inhibition is carried out with the…
Isolation is a state of reduced communicative activity characterized by rejection of interpersonal interaction, orientation to one’s own inner world: thoughts, images, experiences. Introverted people prefer to spend time alone, avoid large companies and public speaking, do not take the initiative. Isolation can be a stable personality trait, a situational reaction, or a symptom of…
Hallucinations are falsely perceived objects or sensory images that occur in the absence of a real external stimulus, but are accompanied by confidence in its existence. Elementary hallucinations are represented by ringing, buzzing, light flashes, glowing figures, smells. Simple – complete images: static animals, household items. Complex – dynamic phenomena, for example, voices commenting on…