Vitamin A deficiency is a pathological condition caused by insufficient intake or impaired absorption of retinol. It is manifested by hemeralopia, hyperkeratosis, thinning of nails, hair loss, a tendency to pustular skin lesions, frequent respiratory infections. It is diagnosed by determining the concentration of retinol in blood plasma, ophthalmological examination, radiography, endoscopy of the gastrointestinal…
Hypovitaminosis is a deficiency in the body of one or a whole group of vitamins. The manifestations of the disease largely depend on the type of hypovitaminosis (on which vitamin is missing), however, all types of vitamin deficiency are characterized by increased fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, decreased appetite. Diagnosis is reduced to the correct assessment of…
Hypervitaminosis A is a complex of clinical and laboratory signs that occur with a single or prolonged intake of ultra–high doses of vitamin A. Pathology develops when the retinoid treatment regimen is violated, accidental poisoning, eating foods containing a large amount of nutrient. Acute hypervitaminosis is manifested by dyspeptic disorders, visual disturbances, confusion. The chronic…
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignant liver lesion (hepatic cell carcinoma) characterized by rapid progression and an unfavorable prognosis. Signs of this pathology are hepatomegaly, symptoms of compression of the portal vein and the common hepatic duct, dyspeptic phenomena and intoxication syndrome. Diagnosis is based on ultrasound, CT and MRI of the liver, histological confirmation…
Hepatosplenomegaly is a secondary pathological syndrome that accompanies the course of many diseases and is characterized by a significant simultaneous increase in the size of the liver and spleen. Clinical manifestations depend on the pathology that led to this condition, common signs are heaviness in the hypochondria and epigastrium, abdominal pain during palpation. Diagnosis is…
Hepatorenal syndrome is a kidney malfunction that develops against the background of severe liver pathology with portal hypertension and is associated with a decrease in effective filtration in the glomerular apparatus. The main etiological factors are cirrhosis, acute viral hepatitis, and tumor damage to the liver. Symptoms are nonspecific: oliguria, weakness, nausea in combination with…
Hepatopulmonary syndrome is pathological changes in the pulmonary vessels that occur against the background of chronic liver diseases. The main cause is cirrhosis, less often the condition accompanies chronic hepatitis, cholelithiasis, hepatic vascular pathologies. Symptoms: shortness of breath, increasing in the vertical position of the body, perioral cyanosis and acrocyanosis, deformities of the fingers, similar…
Hepatoptosis is the lowering of the liver below the normal anatomical border, as a consequence of acquired or congenital splanchnoptosis. Most often, hepatoptosis does not manifest itself in any way, however, with a pronounced omission of the organ, pain in the right hypochondrium, hepatic colic, dyspepsia may occur. The diagnosis is reliably confirmed by ultrasound…
Hepatomegaly is a syndrome characterized by an increase in the size of the liver. The cause may be viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, alcoholic disease, cirrhosis, accumulation pathology (hemochromatosis), Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic vein thrombosis), fatty degeneration, oncological, cardiovascular and other diseases. The main manifestations are a feeling of heaviness, soreness in the right hypochondrium, signs of…
Hepatoblastoma is a malignant low–grade liver tumor of embryonic origin that develops in early childhood. Clinically manifested by an increase in the size of the abdomen, palpable volumetric formation in the right hypochondrium, pain, nausea, decreased appetite. The diagnosis uses ultrasound of the liver, CT and MRI of the abdominal cavity, scintigraphy, liver biopsy, determination…
