Urology as a field of medical science is engaged in the study of the urinary and related human reproductive system, the physiological and pathological processes occurring in them, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of the genitourinary organs (urethra, bladder, ureters, kidneys, male genitalia). The sphere of interests of urology as a science intersects with other areas of clinical medicine: gynecology, andrology, venereology, nephrology, surgery. A urologist is engaged in the treatment and prevention of pathology of the genitourinary system of men and women.
Urological diseases of men, women, children and the elderly have their own peculiarities of development and course, which is explained by the anatomical, physiological and age characteristics of their organisms. Among the pathology of the male genitourinary system, inflammatory processes (orchitis and epididymitis, urethritis, balanoposthitis, prostatitis, cystitis), prostate adenoma, sexual infections are more common. Female urological diseases are urethritis, cystitis, sexually transmitted infections and their consequences. Both men and women have urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, tumors of the genitourinary organs, chronic renal failure. In childhood, congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system, cystitis and enuresis are more common. In elderly people, urinary incontinence and tumor formations come to the fore among urological problems.
The most common manifestations of diseases of the genitourinary system are disorders of urination (increased frequency or delay), pain in the lumbar region, in the genital area, burning and itching of the genitals, pathological discharge from the urethra, disorder of sexual function, changes in the amount or color of urine, edema.
Diseases of the genitourinary system are by no means harmless. Their consequences lead to the development of chronic foci of infection, impotence, infertility, the need for a donor kidney transplant and even death. For a man, a urologist is as important a doctor as a gynecologist is for a woman. Therefore, regardless of complaints, visits to the urologist should be regular, at least 1-2 times a year.
Modern diagnostic capabilities of urology are very great. Laboratory methods of urine and urethral discharge, ultrasound and X-ray diagnostics, endoscopic (urethroscopy and cystoscopy), instrumental (puncture biopsy, catheterization, augmentation), measuring diagnostic methods (cystometry, urofluometry), etc. are used.
Treatment of urogenital pathology has its own specific features. Since many urological diseases are sexually transmitted, both sexual partners need to undergo appropriate treatment. Diseases of the genitourinary system are an intimate sphere of human life, therefore, the doctor is required to show maximum delicacy and psychological support for patients in their treatment. Urological diseases affect the sexual function of men and women, so their adequate and timely treatment allows you to preserve sexual health and family well-being. Surgical treatment of urological problems can be aimed not only at normalizing the work of the genitourinary apparatus, but also at aesthetic correction, which allows patients to get rid of many psychological complexes.
In the heading “Urological diseases” of the Medical Directory of Diseases on the website “Medic Journal” you will find a description of the most common diseases of the genitourinary system, which will allow you to seek qualified medical care in a timely manner.
Acute urinary retention is a pathological condition caused by the inability to empty the bladder. It is manifested by pain in the lower abdomen and in the perineum, radiating into the genital area, strong anxiety of the patient. Diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis data, the clinical picture and complaints of the patient,…
Complications of kidney transplantation are disorders etiologically associated with nephrotransplant transplantation. In the early period, hyperthermia, oligoanuria, arterial hypertension, pain in the graft area are manifested. Late complications of kidney transplantation are asymptomatic for a long time, and subsequently signs of renal failure and disorders in the work of other organs prevail. Pathology is diagnosed…
Ureteral tumors are primary and metastatic neoplasms of the excretory duct connecting the renal pelvis with the bladder. Neoplasia is manifested by hematuria, lower back pain on the side of the lesion. The diagnosis takes into account the data of ultrasound, ureteroscopy, excretory urography, retrograde ureteropyelography and transuretheral biopsy. Taking into account the morphological structure…
Renal oncocytoma is a non–malignant neoplasm of the renal parenchyma formed from epithelial cells (oncocytes) of the distal collecting tubules. It often proceeds asymptomatically, sometimes causes macrohematuria, aching lower back pain, increased blood pressure, secondary varicocele on the affected side. Ultrasound of the kidneys, radiation methods (MRI, CT, PET-CT), biopsy are used for diagnosis and…
Obstructive uropathy is a syndrome that occurs when there is a violation of the outflow of urine in any part of the urinary tract. The cause of the disease are congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, urolithiasis, volumetric neoplasms of the pelvic organs and functional disorders. Uropathy is manifested by non-localized abdominal pain, difficulty or…
Nephrotic syndrome is a symptom complex that develops against the background of kidney damage, including massive proteinuria, protein–lipid metabolism disorders and edema. Pathology is accompanied by hypoalbuminemia, dysproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, edema of various localization (up to anasarca and dropsy of serous cavities), dystrophic changes of the skin and mucous membranes. The clinical and laboratory picture plays…
Nephrosclerosis is a pathological condition caused by the death of nephrons, their replacement by connective tissue with an increase in renal failure. It is manifested by polyuria, nocturia, hypertension, swelling, discomfort in the lower back, in the later stages — oliguria, hematuria, intoxication. It is diagnosed by laboratory tests, ultrasound, CT, MSCT of the kidneys,…
Nephroptosis is a pathological mobility of the kidney, manifested by the displacement of the organ beyond its anatomical bed. Minor and moderate nephroptosis is asymptomatic; with disorders of urodynamics and hemodynamics, lower back pain, hematuria, arterial hypertension, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis occur. Pathology recognition is carried out using ultrasound of the kidneys, excretory urography, angiography, MSCT,…
Nephritic syndrome is a complex of signs of renal pathology, which includes edema, hematuria and arterial hypertension. It occurs in various forms of glomerular disorders: postinfectious and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, hereditary and autoimmune nephropathies. The syndrome is manifested by swelling of the face and lower extremities, urine discharge of the color of “meat…
Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the bladder caused by congenital or acquired pathology of the nervous system. Depending on the state of the detrusor, hyper- and hyporeflective types of pathology are differentiated. The disease can manifest itself as pollakiuria, urinary incontinence or its pathological delay. Diagnosis of the syndrome consists in a complete neurological…
