Pulmonology (Latin pulmo, logos – “the doctrine of the lungs”) is a branch of medicine that studies diseases of the respiratory system: lungs, pleura, trachea and bronchi, clinical manifestations of diseases, specifics of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prevention. The respiratory system includes not only the airways, but also the central nervous system, the chest (sternocostal frame, intercostal muscles, diaphragm), the circulatory system in the lungs. Therefore, in a broad sense, the field of competence of pulmonology also includes pathology of other organs of the thoracic cavity, morphologically and functionally related to the respiratory organs.
The organs that pulmonology studies and treats, in addition to the lungs, include: vascular and nerve bundles of the lung root, lymph nodes, thymus gland, diaphragm, etc. The main function of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange in the lungs.
Pulmonologists are engaged in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of lung and bronchial diseases. Surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs and other organs of the thoracic cavity is carried out by thoracic surgeons (from Greek. thorax – chest).
Pulmonology has close ties with such branches of medicine as cardiology, allergology, otolaryngology, intensive care and intensive care, oncology, transplantology.
Within the framework of pulmonology, an independent direction is distinguished – phthisiology, the field of study of which is the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The problem of the prevalence of tuberculosis is one of the most urgent in modern medicine.
Pulmonology deals with the treatment of the following types of pathological processes:
Many respiratory diseases have a severe and prolonged course, leading to serious health consequences, shorten the duration and reduce the quality of life of patients.
Pulmonology has acquired special significance in modern medical science. Bronchial and lung diseases occupy leading positions in modern society, their share in the total morbidity of the population varies from 41% to 53%.
The rapid deterioration of the environmental situation, an increase in the level of injuries accompanied by damage to the chest and chest cavity organs, the growth of oncological diseases of the respiratory system, stress factor, occupational hazards contribute to the steady growth and rejuvenation of lung diseases.
An appeal to a pulmonologist usually occurs when characteristic symptoms of lung diseases appear: dry or wet cough, shortness of breath at rest or during physical exertion, attacks of suffocation, chest pain, increased body temperature. Lung diseases are often accidental findings during X-ray examination.
It is possible to suspect a particular respiratory disease already on the basis of complaints and auscultative picture of the lungs. The necessary diagnostic studies to clarify the nature of lung pathology are chest radiography, data on the function of external respiration, bronchoscopy, bronchography, computed tomography of the lungs, angiopulmonography. Of the laboratory methods for diagnosing lung diseases, the study of sputum for cytology, microbial flora, and atypical cells is of the greatest importance.
Treatment of lung diseases, depending on their nature, can be both conservative and surgical. Conservative measures in the treatment of lung and bronchial diseases are aimed at diluting sputum, reducing its amount and facilitating evacuation from the bronchial tree, bronchial dilatation, relieving bronchial muscle spasm, removing the inflammatory process in the bronchopulmonary system, normalizing gas exchange in the lung tissue.
Surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs and other organs of the thoracic cavity in many cases is an emergency measure to eliminate dangerous, life-threatening conditions. Planned surgical treatment of lung diseases is carried out after a detailed examination and the impossibility of conservative treatment of the disease.
The simplest and most effective measures for the prevention of lung diseases are quitting smoking and undergoing an examination by a pulmonologist once a year.
The Medical Directory of Diseases on the website “Medic Journal” presents respiratory diseases in more detail.
Pulmonary echinococcosis is a form of anthropozoon infection caused by the larva of the echinococcal tapeworm and leading to a specific cystic lesion of the lung tissue. Manifestations of pulmonary echinococcosis can be chest pain, shortness of breath, persistent cough, urticaria rash and itching; with a complicated course – copious sputum with an admixture of…
Eosinophilic pneumonia is an allergic inflammatory lesion of the lung tissue, accompanied by the formation of unstable migrating infiltrates of eosinophilic nature and the development of hypereosinophilia. The disease usually proceeds with malaise, subfebrility, a small dry cough, sometimes with scanty sputum; in acute form – with chest pain, myalgia, the development of acute respiratory…
Emphysema is a chronic nonspecific lung disease, which is based on persistent, irreversible expansion of the air spaces and increased swelling of the lung tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles. Disease is manifested by expiratory dyspnea, cough with a small amount of mucosal sputum, signs of respiratory failure, recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Diagnosis of this pathology…
Pleural empyema is an inflammation of the pleural leaflets, accompanied by the formation of purulent exudate in the pleural cavity. Disease occurs with chills, persistently high or hectic temperature, profuse sweating, tachycardia, shortness of breath, weakness. Diagnosis is carried out on the basis of X-ray data, ultrasound of the pleural cavity, the results of thoracocentesis,…
Chronic bronchitis is a diffuse progressive inflammatory process in the bronchi, leading to morphological restructuring of the bronchial wall and peribronchial tissue. Exacerbations occur several times a year and occur with increased cough, purulent sputum, shortness of breath, bronchial obstruction, subfebrility. Examination includes lung radiography, bronchoscopy, microscopic and bacteriological analysis of sputum, FVD, etc. In…
Chronic pneumonia is a local nonspecific inflammation of the lung tissue, the morphological signs of which are carnification, pneumosclerosis and deforming bronchitis. It is the outcome of acute pneumonia that has not fully resolved. Clinically manifested by periodic relapses of the inflammatory process (fever, sweating, weakness, cough with mucopurulent sputum). Chronic pneumonia is diagnosed taking…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disease characterized by an inflammatory component, a violation of bronchial patency at the level of the distal bronchi and structural changes in lung tissue and blood vessels. The main clinical signs are cough with the release of mucopurulent sputum, shortness of breath, discoloration of the skin (cyanosis or…
Chronic respiratory failure is a secondary syndrome that occurs when the respiratory system is unable to maintain gas homeostasis, which leads to a decrease in RaO2 and an increase in RaSO2 in arterial blood. It develops over a number of years; it is manifested by signs of dyspnea (shortness of breath), hypoxemia and hypercapnia (cyanosis,…
Chlamydial pneumonia is an infectious and inflammatory process in the lungs caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. Chlamydial pneumonia is characterized by respiratory manifestations (rhinitis, tracheobronchitis), unproductive cough, subfebrile and febrile fever, extrapulmonary symptoms (arthralgia, myalgia). When making a diagnosis, auscultative and radiological data are taken into account, but the…
Chylothorax is a pathological accumulation of lymphatic (chyletic) fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from lymphorrhea from the thoracic duct. The development of disease is accompanied by shortness of breath, progressive deterioration of well-being, collapse, exhaustion, respiratory failure. Pathology is diagnosed according to clinical and anamnestic data, the results of radiography, thoracocentesis, cytological assessment of…
