Pulmonology (Latin pulmo, logos – “the doctrine of the lungs”) is a branch of medicine that studies diseases of the respiratory system: lungs, pleura, trachea and bronchi, clinical manifestations of diseases, specifics of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prevention. The respiratory system includes not only the airways, but also the central nervous system, the chest (sternocostal frame, intercostal muscles, diaphragm), the circulatory system in the lungs. Therefore, in a broad sense, the field of competence of pulmonology also includes pathology of other organs of the thoracic cavity, morphologically and functionally related to the respiratory organs.
The organs that pulmonology studies and treats, in addition to the lungs, include: vascular and nerve bundles of the lung root, lymph nodes, thymus gland, diaphragm, etc. The main function of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange in the lungs.
Pulmonologists are engaged in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of lung and bronchial diseases. Surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs and other organs of the thoracic cavity is carried out by thoracic surgeons (from Greek. thorax – chest).
Pulmonology has close ties with such branches of medicine as cardiology, allergology, otolaryngology, intensive care and intensive care, oncology, transplantology.
Within the framework of pulmonology, an independent direction is distinguished – phthisiology, the field of study of which is the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The problem of the prevalence of tuberculosis is one of the most urgent in modern medicine.
Pulmonology deals with the treatment of the following types of pathological processes:
Many respiratory diseases have a severe and prolonged course, leading to serious health consequences, shorten the duration and reduce the quality of life of patients.
Pulmonology has acquired special significance in modern medical science. Bronchial and lung diseases occupy leading positions in modern society, their share in the total morbidity of the population varies from 41% to 53%.
The rapid deterioration of the environmental situation, an increase in the level of injuries accompanied by damage to the chest and chest cavity organs, the growth of oncological diseases of the respiratory system, stress factor, occupational hazards contribute to the steady growth and rejuvenation of lung diseases.
An appeal to a pulmonologist usually occurs when characteristic symptoms of lung diseases appear: dry or wet cough, shortness of breath at rest or during physical exertion, attacks of suffocation, chest pain, increased body temperature. Lung diseases are often accidental findings during X-ray examination.
It is possible to suspect a particular respiratory disease already on the basis of complaints and auscultative picture of the lungs. The necessary diagnostic studies to clarify the nature of lung pathology are chest radiography, data on the function of external respiration, bronchoscopy, bronchography, computed tomography of the lungs, angiopulmonography. Of the laboratory methods for diagnosing lung diseases, the study of sputum for cytology, microbial flora, and atypical cells is of the greatest importance.
Treatment of lung diseases, depending on their nature, can be both conservative and surgical. Conservative measures in the treatment of lung and bronchial diseases are aimed at diluting sputum, reducing its amount and facilitating evacuation from the bronchial tree, bronchial dilatation, relieving bronchial muscle spasm, removing the inflammatory process in the bronchopulmonary system, normalizing gas exchange in the lung tissue.
Surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs and other organs of the thoracic cavity in many cases is an emergency measure to eliminate dangerous, life-threatening conditions. Planned surgical treatment of lung diseases is carried out after a detailed examination and the impossibility of conservative treatment of the disease.
The simplest and most effective measures for the prevention of lung diseases are quitting smoking and undergoing an examination by a pulmonologist once a year.
The Medical Directory of Diseases on the website “Medic Journal” presents respiratory diseases in more detail.
Hemorrhagic pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that occurs with the presence of a large number of red blood cells in the alveolar exudate and bronchial secretions. Hemorrhagic pneumonia often has a lightning course, accompanied by respiratory failure, hemoptysis, pulmonary edema, DIC syndrome, multiple organ failure. The diagnosis is established on the basis…
Hemopneumothorax is the simultaneous presence of hemorrhagic effusion and free gas in the pleural cavity. Hemopneumothorax is manifested by both signs of bleeding (pallor of the skin, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure) and symptoms of respiratory failure (shallow rapid breathing, cyanosis, chest pain, etc.). In order to detect hemopneumothorax, lung radiography and pleural puncture are performed.…
Pulmonary hamartoma is a congenital benign neoplasm of the lungs that develops from various elements of embryonic tissue with a predominance of cartilage, fat, muscle or fibrous components. The clinical picture of a lung hamartoma varies from a complete absence of symptoms to pronounced manifestations, including difficulty breathing, chest pain, cough, sometimes hemoptysis and the…
Nosocomial pneumonia is a lung infection that developed two or more days after the patient’s admission to the hospital, in the absence of signs of the disease at the time of hospitalization. The manifestations of nosocomial pneumonia are similar to those in other forms of pneumonia: fever, cough with sputum, tachypnea, leukocytosis, infiltrative changes in…
Viral pneumonia is an infectious lesion of the lower respiratory tract caused by respiratory viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). Disease occurs acutely with a sudden increase in body temperature, chills, intoxication syndrome, wet cough, pleural pain, respiratory failure. The diagnosis takes into account physical, radiological and laboratory data, the connection of…
Bullous emphysema is a local change in lung tissue characterized by the destruction of alveolar septa and the formation of air cysts with a diameter of more than 1 cm (bull). With an uncomplicated course of bullous emphysema, symptoms may be absent until the occurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax. Diagnostic confirmation of bullous emphysema is achieved using…
Bronchospasm is a pathological condition that occurs as a result of narrowing of the bronchial lumen of medium and small caliber, caused by spasm of smooth muscle fibers, swelling of the mucous membrane and violation of the drainage function of the respiratory tract. It is manifested by a feeling of lack of air, expiratory shortness…
Broncholithiasis is a disease of the respiratory tract caused by the presence of calcified exogenous or endogenous foreign bodies (bronchitis) in the bronchi. It is manifested by paroxysmal cough with hemoptysis and coughing up concretions, recurrent inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract, bronchial obstruction. The main diagnostic methods are radiation examination of the chest organs,…
Bronchogenic cyst is a malformation of small bronchi, which is a thin–walled cavity formation filled with mucous secretions of bronchial glands. Bronchogenic cyst may be asymptomatic or manifest signs of compression of the trachea, bronchi, esophagus (cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis, chest pain, dysphagia, etc.). In diagnostic terms, the most informative are polypositional radiography, linear…
Bronchitis is a diffuse inflammatory disease of the bronchi, affecting the mucous membrane or the entire thickness of the bronchial wall. Damage and inflammation of the bronchial tree can occur as an independent, isolated process (primary bronchitis) or develop as a complication against the background of existing chronic diseases and infections (secondary bronchitis). Damage to…
