Dysphagia is a pathological condition in which the act of swallowing is disrupted. It is manifested by difficulty swallowing solid food, liquids, saliva, their ingestion into the respiratory organs, increased saliva formation, pain behind the sternum, hoarseness of voice, sore throat. It is diagnosed by pharyngoscopy, esophageal radiography, esophagogastroscopy, pH-metry, esophageal manometry. Treatment involves the…
Dyspepsia is a digestive disorder caused by organic and functional causes. Symptoms are pain in the upper abdomen of unclear localization, nausea, heartburn, a feeling of fullness of the stomach, rapid saturation after eating, etc. The diagnosis is established only if another pathology of the gastrointestinal tract is excluded, the endoscopic examination of the upper…
Biliary dyskinesia is a functional disease of the biliary system, which is based on a violation of the motility of the gallbladder and bile ducts, as well as the process of bile excretion. Pathology can develop according to hyperkinetic or hypokinetic type; manifested by pain in the right hypochondrium, nausea, dyspepsia, neurosis-like symptoms. Diagnostics includes…
Gastric dyskinesia is a functional disorder of the contractile activity of the organ, which can occur in hyperkinetic and hypokinetic types (up to complete atony). The main signs of pathology are abdominal pain of varying intensity without a clear localization, unrelated to food intake, as well as dyspeptic phenomena. Diagnosis is based on a characteristic…
Dysbiosis is a condition caused by a violation of the intestinal microflora associated with a change in the species composition of bacteria. With dysbiosis, the number of beneficial bifid and lactobacilli decreases, and the number of pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms increases. Pathology accompanies many diseases of the digestive system, prolonged or uncontrolled use of antibiotics, immunosuppressants,…
Zenker’s diverticulum is a sac-like protrusion of the esophagus in the pharyngeal-esophageal junction. The disease is manifested by bad breath, belching, dysphagia, dry cough. As the pathology progresses, a rounded soft formation appears on the neck, increasing during meals. To establish the diagnosis, a physical examination, radiopaque examination of the esophagus, esophagoscopy are performed. All…
Gastric diverticulum is a congenital or acquired protrusion of the stomach wall, which is usually localized on the posterior surface of its cardiac department. Most often it is asymptomatic, the clinic usually develops with the appearance of complications (inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, etc.). Radiography with contrast and esophagogastroduodenoscopy are informative in diagnostics. In the absence of…
Zinc deficiency is an insufficient content of micronutrient in the physiological environments of the body, leading to disruption of the functioning of the immune, nervous, visual, reproductive systems. With a critical decrease in the level of the trace element, growth retardation and sexual development in children, immunodeficiency, eczematous skin lesions, insomnia, cognitive decline, libido disorder,…
Selenium deficiency is hypomicroelementosis, which results in metabolic, hormonal, immune, and cognitive disorders. Selenium deficiency underlies the development of many pathological conditions: Keshan’s disease, maternal disease, hypothyroidism and cretinism, reproductive failures, immunodeficiency, oncopathology. The selenium status is investigated by determining the concentration of trace elements in biological media (urine, blood), skin appendages (hair, nails). Correction…
Omega-3 deficiency is a complex of symptoms and disorders of the body that occur with an absolute or relative lack of PUFA. Pathology is observed with insufficient consumption of fish and seafood, gastrointestinal diseases, low levels of transport lipoproteins in the blood. The deficiency condition is manifested by psychoemotional disorders, asthenic syndrome, deterioration of the…